A People and a Nation a History of the United States Chpater 2 Reading Answer

Introduction to Nation-States

Although the definition, origins, and early history of nation-states are disputed, "nation-state" remains one of the cardinal categories of the modern world.

Learning Objectives

Define a nation-state

Primal Takeaways

Key Points

• The concept of a nation-land is notoriously difficult to define. A working and imprecise definition
  is: a type of state that conjoins the political entity of a state to the cultural entity of a nation, from which it aims to derive its political legitimacy to rule and potentially its status every bit a sovereign state.
• The origins and early on history of nation-states are disputed. Two major theoretical questions have been debated. First, "Which came outset, the nation or the nation-land?" 2d, "Is nation-land a modern or an ancient idea?" Scholars continue to debate a number of possible hypotheses.
• Most unremarkably, the idea of a nation-state was and is associated with the rise of the mod system of states, often called the " Westphalian organization " in reference to the Treaty of Westphalia (1648).
• Nation-states take their own characteristics that today may be taken-for-granted factors shaping a modern state, but that all developed in contrast to pre-national states.
• The nearly obvious touch of the nation-state is the creation of a uniform national civilisation through state policy. Its most demonstrative examples are national systems of compulsory primary education that unremarkably popularize a common language and historical narratives.

Primal Terms

• Westphalian system: A global system based on the principle of international law that each state has sovereignty over its territory and domestic affairs, to the exclusion of all external powers, on the principle of non-interference in some other country's domestic affairs, and that each land (no matter how large or pocket-sized) is equal in international law. The doctrine is named after the Peace of Westphalia, signed in 1648, which concluded the Thirty Years' State of war.
• constitutive theory of statehood: A theory that defines a state as a person in international constabulary if, and only if, it is recognized as sovereign past other states. This theory of recognition was developed in the 19th century. Under it, a state was sovereign if another sovereign state recognized information technology as such.
• declarative theory of statehood: A theory
  that defines a state as a person in international constabulary if it meets the following criteria: 1) a defined territory; ii) a permanent population; 3) a government; and 4) a capacity to enter into relations with other states. Co-ordinate to it, an entity'southward statehood is independent of its recognition by other states.

Nation-Station: Challenges of Definition

The concept of a nation-land is notoriously difficult to ascertain.
Anthony Smith, one of the most influential scholars of nation-states and nationalism,
argued that a state is a nation-state but if and when a unmarried ethnic and cultural population inhabits the boundaries of a state, and the boundaries of that country are coextensive with the boundaries of that ethnic and cultural population. This is a very narrow definition that presumes the existence of the "one nation, ane state" model. Consequently, less than 10% of states in the globe meet its criteria.
The most obvious deviation from this largely platonic model is the presence of minorities, especially ethnic minorities, which indigenous and cultural nationalists exclude from the bulk nation. The near illustrative historical examples of groups that have been specifically singled out every bit outsiders are the Roma and Jews in Europe. In legal terms, many nation-states today accept specific minorities as being part of the nation, which generally implies that members of minorities are citizens of a given nation-state and enjoy the same rights and liberties as members of the bulk nation. Notwithstanding, nationalists and, consequently, symbolic narratives of the origins and history of nation-states oft proceed to exclude minorities from the nation-state and the nation.

Co-ordinate to a wider working definition, a nation-land is a blazon of state that conjoins the political entity of a state to the cultural entity of a nation, from which it aims to derive its political legitimacy to rule and potentially its status as a sovereign state if one accepts the declarative theory of statehood as opposed to the constitutive theory. A country is specifically a political and geopolitical entity, while a nation is a cultural and ethnic one. The term "nation-state" implies that the 2 coincide, in that a country has chosen to adopt and endorse a specific cultural group as associated with information technology. The concept of a nation-country can be compared and contrasted with that of the multinational country, city-country, empire, confederation, and other state formations with which it may overlap. The key distinction is the identification of a people with a polity in the nation-state.

Origins

The origins and early history of nation-states are disputed. Ii major theoretical questions have been debated. Kickoff, "Which came first, the nation or the nation-land?" 2nd, "Is nation-country a modernistic or an aboriginal idea?"  Some scholars have advanced the hypothesis that the nation-state was an inadvertent byproduct of 15th century intellectual discoveries in political economy, capitalism, mercantilism, political geography, and geography combined together with cartography and advances in map-making technologies. For others, the nation existed beginning, then nationalist movements arose for sovereignty, and the nation-land was created to encounter that demand. Some "modernization theories" of nationalism see it every bit a product of regime policies to unify and modernize an already existing country. Most theories see the nation-state equally a modern European phenomenon, facilitated by developments such as state-mandated pedagogy, mass literacy, and mass media (including print). All the same, others look for the roots of nation-states in ancient times.

Most ordinarily, the idea of a nation-state was and is associated with the rise of the modern system of states, often called the "Westphalian system" in reference to the Treaty of Westphalia (1648). The balance of ability that characterized that arrangement depended on its effectiveness upon conspicuously defined, centrally controlled, contained entities, whether empires or nation-states, that recognized each other's sovereignty and territory. The Westphalian system did non create the nation-state, merely the nation-state meets the criteria for its component states.

European boundaries prepare past the Congress of Vienna, 1815

This map of Europe, outlining borders in 1815, demonstrates that still at the beginning of the 19th century, Europe was divided by and large into empires, kingdoms, and confederations. Hardly any of the entities on the map would meet the criteria of the nation-state.

Characteristics

Nation-states have their own characteristics that today may be taken-for-granted factors shaping a modern state, but that all adult in contrast to pre-national states. Their territory is considered semi-sacred and nontransferable. Nation-states apply the state equally an instrument of national unity, in economical, social, and cultural life. Nation-states  typically have a more centralized and uniform public assistants than their imperial predecessors because they are smaller and less various. Afterwards the 19th-century triumph of the nation-state in Europe, regional identity was usually subordinate to national identity. In many cases, the regional administration was as well subordinate to key (national) regime. This procedure has been partially reversed from the 1970s onward, with the introduction of various forms of regional autonomy in formerly centralized states (east.g., France).

The most obvious impact of the nation-country, as compared to its non-national predecessors, is the creation of a compatible national culture through state policy. The model of the nation-state implies that its population constitutes a nation, united by a common descent, a common linguistic communication, and many forms of shared culture. When the implied unity was absent, the nation-state often tried to create it. The cosmos of national systems of compulsory primary educational activity is usually linked with the popularization of nationalist narratives. Even today, principal and secondary schools around the globe often teach a mythologized version of national history.

Bacon'due south standard map of Europe, 1923

While some European nation-states emerged throughout the 19th century, the terminate of World War I meant the cease of empires on the continent. They all broke down into a number of smaller states. However, not until the tragedy of World War Two and the postal service-war shifts of borders and population resettlement did many European states become more ethnically and culturally homogeneous and thus closer to the ideal nation-state.

The Peace of Westphalia and Sovereignty

Although the Peace of Westphalia did non terminate war in Europe, it established the precedent of peace reached by diplomatic congress and a new organisation of political order in Europe based upon the concept of co-existing sovereign states.

Learning Objectives

Explain the significance of the Peace of Westphalia on European politics and diplomacy.

Key Takeaways

Fundamental Points

• The Peace of Westphalia was a serial of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. The treaties ended the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War.
• The Thirty Years' State of war was a series of wars in Key Europe between 1618 and 1648. Initially a state of war between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire, it developed into a conflict involving most of the great powers.
• The 80 Years' War, or Dutch War of Independence (1568–1648), was a revolt of the Seventeen Provinces against the political and religious hegemony of Philip Two of Kingdom of spain, the sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands.
• According to the Peace of Westphalia, all parties would recognize the Peace of Augsburg of 1555; Christians of non-dominant denominations were guaranteed the right to practice their faith; and the exclusive sovereignty of each political party over its lands, people, and agents abroad was recognized.
  Multiple territorial adjustments were also decided.
• The Peace of Westphalia established the precedent of peace reached by diplomatic congress and a new organisation of political social club in Europe based upon the concept of co-existing sovereign states. The Westphalian principle of the recognition of another state's sovereignty and right to determine its own fate rests at the foundations of international police today.
• The European colonization of Asia and Africa in the 19th century and two global wars in the 20th century dramatically undermined the principles established in Westphalia.

Key Terms

• The Thirty Years' War: A series of wars in Central Europe betwixt 1618 and 1648. Initially a war between various Protestant and Cosmic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire, information technology gradually adult into a more general disharmonize involving most of the neat powers.
• The Peace of Westphalia: A series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. The treaties ended the Xxx Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire and the 80 Years' War (1568–1648) between Espana and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic.
• Westphalian sovereignty: The principle of international law that each nation-land has sovereignty over its territory and domestic affairs, to the exclusion of all external powers, on the principle of non-interference in some other country's domestic affairs, and that each state (no matter how large or modest) is equal in international law. The doctrine is named after the Peace of Westphalia, signed in 1648.
• Peace of Augsburg of 1555: A treaty between Charles Five and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an brotherhood of Lutheran princes, on September 25, 1555, at the imperial city of Augsburg, in present-day Bavaria, Germany. It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent inside the Holy Roman Empire.
• cuius regio, eius religio: A Latin phrase that literally means "Whose realm, his faith," meaning that the faith of the ruler was to dictate the religion of those ruled. At the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 the rulers of the German-speaking states and Charles V, the emperor, agreed to accept this principle.
• The Lxxx Years' State of war: A revolt, known also as the Dutch War of Independence (1568–1648), of the Seventeen Provinces against the political and religious hegemony of Philip Two of Spain, the sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands.

Introduction

The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed betwixt May and Oct 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. The treaties ended the 30 Years' State of war (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire and the Lxxx Years' War (1568–1648) betwixt Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic. The peace negotiations involved a total of 109 delegations representing European powers. The treaties did not restore peace throughout Europe, just they did create a basis for national cocky-determination.

Background: Wars in Europe

Two destructive wars were the major triggers behind signing the eventual Peace of Westphalia:
the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire and the Eighty Years' State of war betwixt Spain and the Dutch Commonwealth.

The Thirty Years' War was a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. Initially a war between diverse Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire, it gradually adult into a more general conflict involving most of the not bad powers. The state of war began when the newly elected Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, tried to impose religious uniformity on his domains, forcing Roman Catholicism on its peoples. The northern Protestant states, angered by the violation of their rights to cull granted in the Peace of Augsburg, banded together to form the Protestant Union. These events caused widespread fears throughout northern and Central Europe, and triggered the Protestant Bohemians living in the dominion of Habsburg Austria to revolt against their nominal ruler, Ferdinand II. They ousted the Habsburgs and instead elected Frederick V, Elector of Palatinate, as their monarch. Frederick took the offer without the support of the wedlock. The southern states, mainly Roman Catholic, were angered by this. Led by Bavaria, these states formed the Catholic League to expel Frederick in support of the emperor.

The war became less about religion and more than of a continuation of the France–Habsburg rivalry for European political preeminence. Sweden, a major war machine ability in the day, intervened in 1630 under the great general Gustavus Adolphus and started the full-scale great war on the continent. Spain, wishing to finally crush the Dutch rebels in holland and the Dutch Republic, intervened nether the pretext of helping their dynastic Habsburg marry, Austria. No longer able to tolerate the encirclement of two major Habsburg powers on its borders, Catholic France entered the coalition on the side of the Protestants to counter the Habsburgs.

The Thirty Years' War devastated entire regions, with famine and disease significantly decreasing the populations of the German and Italian states, the Crown of Bohemia, and the Southern Netherlands. The state of war altered the previous political order of European powers. The rise of Bourbon French republic, the curtailing of Habsburg ambition, and the ascendancy of Sweden every bit a great ability created a new balance of power on the continent, with France emerging from the war strengthened and increasingly dominant in the latter part of the 17th century.

The Lxxx Years' War or Dutch War of Independence (1568–1648) was a defection of the Seventeen Provinces against the political and religious hegemony of Philip 2 of Spain, the sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands. After the initial stages, Philip Ii deployed his armies and regained control over nigh of the rebelling provinces. Notwithstanding, nether the leadership of the exiled William the Silent, the northern provinces continued their resistance. They were somewhen able to oust the Habsburg armies, and in 1581 they established the Democracy of the Seven United Netherlands. The war continued in other areas, although the heartland of the republic was no longer threatened. Afterward a twelve-year truce, hostilities broke out once again around 1619, which coincided with the Thirty Years' War.

The Peace of Westphalia

Since Lutheran Sweden preferred Osnabrück every bit a conference venue, its peace negotiations with the Holy Roman Empire, including the allies of both sides, took place in Osnabrück. The empire and its opponent French republic, including the allies of each, every bit well as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands and its opponent Kingdom of spain (and their respective allies), negotiated in Münster. The peace negotiations had no exact get-go and ending, considering the participating total of 109 delegations never met in a plenary session, but arrived between 1643 and 1646 and left betwixt 1647 and 1649.

According to the Peace of Westphalia, all parties would recognize the Peace of Augsburg of 1555, in which each prince would accept the correct to determine the religion of his own state (the principle of cuius regio, eius religio). Christians living in principalities where their denomination was not the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their organized religion in public during allotted hours and in private at their will. The delegates also recognized the exclusive sovereignty of each political party over its lands, people, and agents away, and responsibility for the warlike acts of any of its citizens or agents.

Multiple territorial adjustments were besides decided. Amongst the about important ones was the recognition of the independence of Switzerland from the Holy Roman Empire and the expansion of the territories of France, Sweden, and Brandenburg-Prussia (after Prussia). The independence of the city of Bremen was clarified. Also, barriers to trade and commerce erected during the state of war were abolished, and "a degree" of free navigation was guaranteed on the Rhine.

Historical map of Europe after the Peace of Westphalia: From "An Historical Atlas Containing a Chronological Series of One Hundred and Four Maps, at Successive Periods, from the Dawn of History to the Present Solar day" by Robert H. Labberton, 1884.

The map shows the possessions of the ii branches of the firm of Habsburg [purple]; the possessions of the house of Hohenzollern (matrimony of Prussia with Brandenburg) [bluish]; the Swedish empire on both shores of the Baltic and in northern Germany; the Danish monarchy, Kingdom of denmark, Norway, and Scania; the British isles, with the battlefields of the ceremonious wars; French republic, with the battlefields of the civil wars [cherry]; Deutschland with the battlefields of the Xxx Years' War; the republic of Poland at its greatest extent; the western boundary of Russian federation.

Legacy

The Peace of Westphalia established the precedent of peace reached past diplomatic congress and a new system of political order in Europe based upon the concept of co-existing sovereign states. Inter-state assailment was to be held in bank check by a balance of power. A norm was established against interference in some other state's domestic affairs, known as the principle of Westphalian sovereignty. This principle of international law presumes that each country has sovereignty over its territory and domestic affairs, to the exclusion of all external powers, on the principle of non-interference in another country's domestic diplomacy, and that each land (no matter how large or small) is equal in international law.
As European influence spread across the earth, these Westphalian principles, especially the concept of sovereign states, became central to international law and to the prevailing globe society. Still, the European colonization of Asia and Africa in the 19th century and two global wars in the 20th century dramatically undermined the principles established in Westphalia.

After the fall of the Soviet Union, power was seen as unipolar with the U.s.a. in absolute control, though nuclear proliferation and the rise of Japan, the European union, the Middle East, China, and a resurgent Russian federation have begun to recreate a multipolar political environment. Instead of a traditional balance of ability, inter-state aggression may now be checked by the preponderance of power, a sharp contrast to the Westphalian principle.

The Ratification of the Treaty of Münster, fifteen May 1648 (1648) by Gerard ter Borch.

Two cities, Osnabrück and Münster, were called to host the peace talks based on religious divisions between the participating delegations.

elsnerboxiou.blogspot.com

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/nation-states-and-sovereignty/

Share this post